A PASSAGE OF DESIRE:
SERVANT LEADERSHIP

SUMMARY

We have strived to prepare a general summary for our book in line with the content layout of each part.

1. Key Leadership Approaches
In part one of our voyage into leadership, we have discussed key concepts regarding the theme. As you may well know, there are myriad of written works on leaders and leadership. Concepts used in these works may sometimes show inconsistency. Throughout our book, we have strived to discuss in the first part our understanding about key concepts in order to build a parallel bridge of concepts and meanings between readers. In this respect, we have first discussed the concepts of management, manager, leadership and leader. We have extensively discussed the concept “leadership” that is highly repeated throughout this book, and who we refer to when we talk about a “leader”.
In part one, we have also discussed briefly the key academic approaches to leadership. Within this study aimed at building up a conceptual base, we have discussed key approaches to leadership under four subheadings of personal characteristics, behavioral, situational and modern leadership theories.
When a general overview of current studies on leadership is made, it is observed that leadership, above all, contains a different makeup and potential specific to any person concerned. With the studies getting evolved and deepened, the dimension and content of such differences are being revealed more. Notwithstanding the identified distinctiveness of leaders based upon their demeanors, observed changes in such demeanors have driven the fact that the leadership process is also impacted by actual situations. Finally, some approaches to leadership where modern leadership theories were conceived and sometimes which dominated the period like a fashion trend have been confronted. Visionary leadership, charismatic leadership, wise leadership, total quality leadership, effective leadership and system leadership are some of them. One of the approaches to leadership is servant leadership.
In our study, we have idealized the servant leadership. However, we have handled this concept not as the preferred variant of approaches to leadership, but as a general approach standing in the middle of all approaches to leadership, and hosting and incorporating all the variants mentioned. On the other hand, we have concluded that servant leadership is a critical need from the point of the self-return of human, with its humane values getting deteriorated and internal peace getting spoiled day by day, and from the point of the harmony with himself and the environment. For this reason, it should be kept in mind that servant leadership as a profile of a committed personality who rates himself at ground zero, did overcome his egotism dilemma, is knowledge-oriented, is equipped with the power to influence people (charisma), yet most importantly do set priority on benefits to others rather than benefits to his own, may play the vital role in satisfying the highly-increasing demands of humanity in family, business environment, politics and society.

2. Leadership throughout the history
In part two, we have made a voyage into leader and leadership. Here, we discussed key approaches to human and leadership from the angle of human’s need to know himself without getting stuck to the philosophical background of the theme. We could only study exhaustively only some of the influential leaders, scientists and artists that left their marks upon the history across the scope and purpose of our study. We have strived to focus on some of the exemplary personalities catching common appreciation of people, and particularly to identify their distinguishing aspects as a leader. During this exploration, we have strived to give priority to personalities routing the history but at the same time setting their heart on human and humanity and persistently committing their all life to humanity.
The Antique Greek Philosophers standing as a critical milestone into the evolution of the scientific thought such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle are also ranked at an indispensable position in the evolution of management and leadership concept. Besides these prominent leaders having a reverberating standing in the history of thought, we have gone into various examples of leaders presenting noteworthy creations influencing the humanity in scientific field, battlefield, politics, religion and belief, business world and any branch of art throughout the history. We have strived to emphasize brief life stories, artworks, thoughts and mot importantly the key leadership-related distinguishing aspects of such leaders. In this respect, Alexander the Great as a military commander with exalted motive in accomplishment have come to our notice.
As it is known, religious beliefs have great impact on the history of humanity. It is essentially possible to suggest that vital management and leadership-related events throughout the history significantly evolved under the cover and influence of religious trends. Belief, as a fundamental humane need, has triggered the evolution of various belief systems over the time, impacting the lifestyles of people as a whole. For this reason, belief systems throughout the history could act as a decisive factor in management and leadership processes as much as the intellectual attitudes and lifestyles of people. It can be postulated that religions based upon a sacred book and a prophet functioned as decisive factors in the management and leadership process in their era, and that prophets, as individual leaders, have constituted quite significant role models along with their lives and actions in servant leadership. In this connection, we have strived to discuss briefly Davud and Musa, and more exhaustively Jesus and Mohammed as religious leaders.
We have lots to learn from the leadership attitudes of prophets that found favor in the hearts of millions of people living on earth today without any coercion and that consistently keep their spiritual standings alive there. Prophets are the vigorous leadership statutes of the sense of commitment, the virtue of giving before taking, the sense of overcoming the egotism wall, a heart-touching sanction power, ability to produce something permanent, and the passion and thrill of producing and providing benefits, the paucity of which is highly felt by the people of the modern age. Undoubtedly our words will not suffice to describe them.
In this part also discussed are the Huns’ Atilla whose leadership secrets are resounding and highly favored even today, and Confucius, a great philosopher, statesman and at the same time a pedagogue who boasts an undeniable rank in the evolution of the far eastern philosophy.
The subsection about leadership in Ancient Turkish epics reveals that our history is full of leadership statutes. Witnessing in these epics the fact that some of the typical leader thoughts and attitudes presented in today’s modern leadership theories were previously staged hundreds of centuries ago is quite thrilling. We have strived to briefly incorporate into our study certain epics from the angle of their contribution to the field of leadership, which are the Epic of Existence, the Epic of Alp Er Tunga, the Epic of Water, the Epic of Hun-Oghuz, the Epic of Gokturk, the Epic of Manas, the Epic of Genghis, the Epic of Battal, the Epic of Danihsmend and the Epic of Köroglu.
Key principles of Christianity and Islam about leadership closely influence the individual and social life not only in those periods but also even today. Manifesting again the idea of a sole and dominator creator on the strength of most conspicuous evidences, the Islam religion and its sacred book Quran have introduced major principles as to the humanity. The prophet of this religion, Mohammad, has acted not solely as a religious leader but exhibited exemplary skills for myriad of leadership areas essentially as a man of heart and soul besides his virtues in social contacts, human relationships, and commander and statesman roles.
In this part of our study, we have also strived to explore as the leadership statutes John Locke, J. Jacques Rousseau who took influential roles in the evolution of management and leadership philosophy in western world, and Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Al-Ghazali, Yusuf Balasaghuni, Nizam al-Mulk, Rumi, Yunus, Mehmed the Conqueror, the influential personalities of the Turkish-Islamic world. We would like to remind again that these personalities were picked in line with the object and scope of our book. We have noticed that Al-Farabi is the first to define management as a profession. We have lots to learn from Al-Ghazali, perceiving himself as a nihilist though producing prodigious artworks; Yusuf Balasaghuni, the author of The Kutadgu Bilig who played key role in the rise of numerous leaders; Nizam al-Mulk who served as a vizier for the Seljuk State for twenty years and forming the major background behind the leadership of Alparslan; Rumi appealing to the hearts and minds of people for centuries and the architect and leader of persistent tolerance; Yunus highly renown for his rhetorical style, life but more importantly his addiction to love; and Mehmed the Conqueror, reputable with his affection in science boasting a noteworthy skill of poetry as much as his sultanate and leadership.

3. Key Personal Characteristics of a Leader
Seeing that leaders are capable of exhibiting their high-level leadership potential through their attitudes, then what is that distinctive potential vested in the leader? What does this potential contain? What is the viewpoint into the leadership potential in academic terms and also in terms of key theories of personality? How do the self-images that ultimately constitute the self-perceptions of leaders arise?
In this part of the study, we strive to provide solutions to the above and other similar questions. It is particularly worth noting that the “key theories of personality” concept is a really comprehensive and debatable issue. It is comprehensive because many psychological approaches have been developed, since the arousal of the fact that there are differences between people, aimed at clarifying these differences. However, of them, the most important approaches in scientific terms are those that are already established and accepted. Furthermore, though the key theories of personality reveal differences between people from different angles, these differences could not fully be understood and described yet. Therefore, debates on this issue are on the go.
We have strived to discuss key theories of personality briefly within the strict context of our theme, the leadership. In this respect, we tried to explore the Psychoanalytic, Humanistic, Behaviorist, Gestaltist, Existentialist and Cognitive approaches that find common acceptance as key theories of personality from the angle of their viewpoints into leadership-type personality. Upon the exploration made under the light of the views of scientists suggesting the approach, it is understood that the leadership-type personality cannot be described with any approach, yet each theory of personality contributes to finding out a particular aspect of the leader personality. Besides, it may be argued that humanistic approach is needed more intensively in the leadership potential sought today.
The last heading of this part concerns self-perceptions of people and sort of differences that leaders exhibit in terms of such perceptions. The self-image constituting key self-perceptions of the person may be perceived as is, as exaggerated or as understated. Leaders perceiving the self-image as exaggerated presume themselves to be outdistancing the actual makeup they possess. They regulate their attitudes in line with this presumption and belief. And some perceive the makeup they possess as understated. In this case, we confront a leader who is timid, quiet, disputably courageous with limited and slower ability to act and overly seeking external endorsement. The self-perceptions of the leader we idealize are realistic. It is noteworthy that these leaders demonstrate themselves as they are while reflecting their potentials into conducts, they have a humble demeanor and they feel no need to seek any exaggeration about their personality.

4. Key Sanctions and Motives in Leadership
In this part of our study, we have strived to explore across true stories what fundamental concerns or what key objectives underlie the transformation of leadership potential that the person possesses into actual conducts. The academic studies and actual life experiences reveal that the individuals employ their potential towards certain targets and concerns and direct it to particular fields and objectives. In short, surveys reveal that leadership actions are staged under the influence of particular power.
Among such motives somewhat determining the direction of the leader’s life and conducts, instincts may be counted first. For some leaders, regardless of how critical the decision to be made is, the essence is their own instincts. In other words, what makes essence is the satisfaction of leader’s instincts in any way. In each conduct, the person acts towards satisfying his instincts. Among these instincts, what comes to the foreground most is sexuality.
Some people seek to augment their goodwill, reputation and honor in any way. Whatever the subject is, they find a way to do it and try to impose themselves as more important personalities. What is of utmost importance and privileged for the person is to augment his goodwill, honor and most importantly to become reputable. For this reason, the conducts of the person are fully oriented in achieving this goal. The passion of gaining a higher status and rank in the eye of others may also be the driving force pushing the leader into the life. Leaders acting across the status and rank motive consistently seek, by hook or by crook, to boost their rank, and they do everything to achieve it.
Among top powerful motives that entice the leaders and managers of the present time, money and tangible assets can be asserted first. Actually, it is a fact that key objectives set behind the conducts of many people are to become richer and make more money. However, it is observed that, those being merely under the influence of this fundamental motive tend in any way to acquire personal gains, regardless of the situation, followed by many various troubles.
Politics, known to be the art of augmenting the people’s welfare may be the fundamental motive routing the leader’s conducts. In this case, the person commits almost his entire life to the political view he pursues. In all of his conducts, he is almost committed to serving to this view and funneling this view into people. It comes to notice here that the person who is obviously a party to this process employs his leadership at the service of such bias. Religion, belief and moral values constitute the “indispensable” merits of many people. Tailoring their conducts and their whole life in line with their beliefs is indispensible for them. For this reason, the leadership position they possess props up this standing as much as possible and they tend to act in agreement with it.
For some people, whether at local or global level, ethics is the most dominant and decisive motive routing the conducts. In this case, what primarily route and determine the leader’s thoughts, conducts, attitudes and decisions are the ethical sanctions. We have discussed knowledge and technicality as the ultimate motive dominating people’s lives. Some people, regardless of the issue, actually act in agreement with objective information. Important and decisive for them are researches, data, academic views, information and results. Therefore, the key motive for such kind of leaders is information. And what guides the decisions made is not a personal expectation or a situation etc but the data and information in hand.
It is known that all foregoing motives are influential in leader’s world of conducts, yet some stick out as rather more dominant and decisive motives. We regret to point out that number of persons and leaders, who are acting based upon the concern and pressure of tangible gains, who are habitual servants of their instincts, who are only reputation- oriented and who do not refrain from doing anything proper or improper for the sake of position and rank, who do not permit other contrary views, who are stuck to some certain political views and who discriminate people for their religious beliefs is not few. It is important for persons having a leader role in the family, working environment, politics and society to adopt the objective information, key humane values, universal ethics, liberty of faith and people’s welfare and wellbeing as key and decisive motives. As the significance and priority of knowledge in every age is undisputable, then we may argue that ethics and key humane values become progressively more important for today’s leader concept.

5. Fields of Leadership
What also influences the person during the process of shaping his conducts and the whole set of actions in leadership area is the actual field of leadership as well as the driving motives discussed above. In other words, regardless of the genetic characteristics and the evolution of such characteristics during the formative stage, the field of leadership under which the person acts as a leader may be influential and even decisive in exhibiting leadership conducts. Therefore, in this part of the study, we have discussed in order the fields of family leadership, religious leadership, social leadership, business leadership, military leadership, academic leadership and aesthetical leadership. We have strived to explore the distinguishing and decisive aspects of specific attributes that leadership actions in foregoing fields carry and must carry. Method of discrimination we have preferred for the fields of leadership is underpinned at the literature and our organizational experiences. Fields of leadership reveal that key distinguishing attributes of leaders can be manifested in different fields in different styles. Therefore, we observe that besides key personal characteristics, the actual fields of leadership also influence the makeup of leadership attitudes. Hence, it is the point of issue that the person concentrates his key leadership predisposition and skills into a specific area, and organizes and then translates them into conducts in a fashion specific to that field.
It is known that family, the smallest social unit of society, and the family business set up by the family demand a specific family leadership posture and demeanor. Under the light of our consultancy efforts destined to family and particularly the family businesses, which is our particular field of engagement for long years, we can argue without hesitation that the family business leadership demands some specific skills. In this subheading, we have also strived to explore tribal leadership that is highly debatable for its sensationalistic side, yet not discussed much in the literature. It comes to our understanding that in family, family business and tribal leadership, the leader comes to the forefront with his skills of possessing common merits of persons he represents as a key predisposition, safeguarding these merits under his leadership power and charisma, and being sensitive to inter-personal interaction and communication.
Religious leadership is a hot issue not only debated in our country but in the whole world. Prophets disseminating the faith that appears as a fundamental humane need come into prominence as the most important examples to leaders. The leadership posture and demeanor in providing religion and faith-related services actually demand a quite distinctive individual makeup, depth and influential power. Think about the challenge of administering a family just comprised of a couple of households or a business consisting of a dozen of employees, and think about the hardness to bring them across the same set of objectives. Nevertheless, some religious leaders primarily the prophets are capable of rendering thousands, millions of people as the companions of the same ideal just by calling upon the hearts without the need to any coercion or authority enforcement. On the other hand, in modern world, it is known that religious leaders assume critical roles in flourishing the individual-social relationships and enhancing the tolerance and dialogue between societies. Therefore, it would be profitable for leaders and leader candidates to survey the special interaction process of religious leadership.
Things are easier when leadership focuses on small and specialty groups, because there is a uniform group in hand. Nevertheless, social leadership is harder, because the person acting as a social leader may confront persons of different ideas, faiths and families. It is known that social leaders generally appear as a consequence of extraordinary conditions and situations taking place in societies. The most conspicuous form of leadership in the field of social leadership is being the leader of a particular political view. In this subheading where we discuss social leadership, we have presented two globally repercussive and recognized examples to leadership. These are Ghazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and Gandhi. We have lots to learn from these two global leaders in every respect. Ghazi Mustafa Kemal is a prominent leader that should strictly be known, studied and internalized for every leader of any rank for his appearance and rise during the period when the people of our country were fighting for independence, and further for his noteworthy skills of unifying quite different local values across a common ideal and success as a leader and example referred to in the battles of sovereignty staged by various societies around the world.
Business leadership or entrepreneurial leadership is the field of leadership that we most frequently confront today. There are various leadership processes in all commercial enterprises spanning from a small convenience store to SMES and multinational companies. It comes to the notice that business leadership demands as a general characteristic a business and initiative-oriented posture. It is critical for a business leader to abstain from overriding the brand that his company produces and to sensitively consider the balance between his personality on one side and organization and the brand on other side.

Military leadership is also a crucial field of leadership in terms of its result-oriented focus and tactical, strategic and commanding skills of the leader. It is known that some of the leaders in the history had some special skills and make-ups in battlefields.
Academic leadership is a specific field of leadership as it evolves in parallel to the individuals' exercising their leadership skills in fields such as education, information and research. Similarly, some leaders may also come into prominence in a specific branch of art and produce as an aesthetical leader artworks of a masterpiece value.
In this part of our study, we have ultimately strived to discuss the leadership process from the angle of action. In this respect, we can suggest highly-equipped risk-oriented hunter leaders having a high prevision and superiorly developed skills of analysis and synthesis; warrior leaders oriented in daily targets and acting across logic; and follower leaders that support, monitor and make arguments based upon the actions of both of the foregoing groups. It is possible to classify leaders from the angle of action as game setters, game players and game spectators. Eventually, we can compare leaders to a maestro. Some maestros somewhat feel the sound of instruments before the instruments play them and perceive the melody and harmony between them. Some hear the sounds of instruments simultaneously, and the rest hear them after they are played and try to keep up with them.

6. Servant Leadership
As we have briefly summarized in the introduction part of our study, we have discussed servant leadership as a separate topic in part 6. Here, we are talking about a leader equipped with a special makeup in influencing people, oriented in making benefits to people, manifesting a distinguished posture in management and leadership and furnished with a special skill of managing human and information source besides any other source. It is particularly worth highlighting that this leader turns into a servant leader for his being a man of heart and soul and a companion of love.
In this part of our study that represents the name and core of our book, we have first explored extensively the servant leadership concept and the service-oriented leadership process.
The servant leadership process perceives human as the most developed and privileged being of the world of beings. That’s why, it is oriented in human, human’s nature and making benefits to the human. Regardless of the subject, it is committed to showing the determination and effort for doing what is necessary for the sake of human’s tangible and social wealth. On other side, the servant leadership process also sets its focus on information sources for the sake of benefits to human and humanity and strives to assess these sources across an unbiased attitude. Hence, servant leadership benefits from rationalism that is based upon the privilege and guidance of wisdom; empiricism aimed at acquiring information by trial and error; intuitionism relying on the power of intuitions as the source of information; skepticism arguing that the key goal of mind is to reach the absolute information; and ultimately positivism that acts across the facts of exact sciences rather than the senses of human and strives to reach and make benefits to human via all these sources.
A servant leader, besides his all typical leadership actions, overcomes the “egoism dilemma”, wins the greatest battle and thereby focuses on the content and point capable of calling upon the hearts. It can be argued that it employs its intrinsic fire of love as a locomotive to take others to their desired destinations. The servant leader utilizes his typical physical, intellectual and emotional potentials and predisposition to the benefits of people and positions himself at ground zero to satisfy this commitment. In this part of our study, we have tried to go into prophets, the statutes of servant leadership, each acting as a man of heart and soul capable of influencing today and tomorrow centuries beforehand, and particularly Mohammed, from the angle of their association with the process.
The three fundamental predispositions mentioned are available at varying degrees in every person. Some of these predispositions may be predominant over others. Leaders whose physical aspects are predominant over others are generally job-oriented action persons with highly developed charisma. Leaders with predominant intellectual aspects are oriented in rather human, humane values and relationships. It is known that, leaders that manifested prominent leadership skills throughout the history are accompanied with deep and reliable comrades who are as strong as them. Therefore, it can be argued that servant leadership consists of 3 fundamental background, predisposition and personality aspects. These are physical predisposition and the resulting charismatic personality decisive in the leadership skill; the intellectual predisposition and the resulting information-oriented wise personality; and the emotional predisposition and the resulting ethics-oriented, committed and servant personal character. That having been said, it can be argued that servant leadership is essentially comprised of leadership, wisdom and servant skills, and that therefore the servant leader is a service-oriented leader capable of acting wise. It comes to the notice that the abstract intellectual skills (IQ) that function as the decisive of logic and rules; the emotional skills (EQ) that account for the skill and sensitivity in human relationships; but most importantly the ethical skills (MQ) that incorporate the ethical and humane values as well as spiritual maturity play active role in this process, and that all these intellectual capacities are already developed at a particular degree in the servant leader.
In part 6, we have strived to explore the key defects in leaders today and provide a reasoning for it. Nevertheless, human today faces myriad of crises. The unemployment crisis, natural disaster crises, wars, political crises, natural resource crises, everlasting economic crises … Yet what stands as the root cause of all the foregoing crises is the humane crisis. Today where the human values are getting deteriorated and where the people grow away from expressing themselves as a person, family, organization and society, servant leadership, functioning as an approach oriented in humane values, seems to be a major way out. Therefore, we have discussed the human crises and servant leadership concept as the last heading of this study. It should be kept in mind that, whatever the severity of the situation is, service-oriented leadership demanding cooperation of the mind and heart to overcome the corruption of humane values would constitute a major advantage.
In this study all information articulated for leadership and servant leadership, is without a doubt as applicable for women as men. Nevertheless, people, we have consulted during the writing of this study agree that there should also be a title on women and leadership. Therefore, we have taken the subject of Women and Servant Leadership as the final title of this study. We can understand that from the civilization level people have reached today; service-driven women leaders make a major contribution to family, workplace environment, politics, art, science, culture, in short all areas of life as mother, wife, member of a family and for being herself. On the subject of logic, ethics and especially emotional competence of basic requirements of servant leadership, women have some distinctive aspects and advantages as seen from the personal specifications of the servant women leaders we have given a place to in this subtitle.

7. Key Characteristics of Servant Leadership
This part is the longest and the most comprehensive part of our book. As it is known, the key objective of our book is to exhaustively discuss leadership yet particularly the servant leadership. In preceding parts; academic approaches to leadership, key personal characteristics of the leader, profiles of historic leaders, key motives of the leader, fields of leadership and ultimately the servant leadership concepts have been studied. Based upon learning from all these concepts so far, we have ultimately discussed the key characteristics of leadership in a classified form. Therefore, this part may be assumed as a general consequence, at the end of our voyage into leadership, incorporating the leadership process and key characteristics that a leader does or should have. Based upon previous explorations so far, we have discussed the demanded characteristics of leaders and leader candidates in accompaniment with exemplary events to ensure a better insight into and consolidate the topic.
In identifying and sorting out the key characteristics of servant leadership, we have taken into consideration the characteristics of historic leaders as well as the demands of the modern people. We have strived to demonstrate the common characteristics of only some of the leaders who made their names with their achievements in battlefields, various artistic branches, scientific fields or political fields. On the other hand, we have tried to bring together the key requirements of modern human and humanity, and key characteristics that a leader profile, capable of preventing the moral destruction in progress, should have. Furthermore, we have also benefited from our studies during our undergraduate, graduate, post-graduate and abroad period as well as courses received in university, our experiences out of our involvement in business life for the last twenty years and our interactions with leaders. Therefore, we believe we have acquired a very powerful set of features based upon the foregoing assets.
Major distinctive asset of a leader that distinguishes him from other people is his inherent personal characteristics and the interaction originating from such characteristics during the initial period of his life through education. Basically, individual differences that each person has are manifested more obviously in the leader. Unlike many other people, leaders are more fortunate and assertive in translating their inherent potentials and predispositions into performance.
Based upon an overview of listings of leadership characteristics provided in literature, it is observed that typical features emphasized for leaders such as charisma, communication skill, sedulity, curiosity, research and enthusiasm are most frequently repeated. However, we have strived to build a set of leadership characteristics apart from the typical classification in line with the purpose and scope of our study. The primary reason underlying it is our belief that the leader sought for today’s family, business and society should be equipped with typical leadership characteristics, yet these characteristics are not sufficient in the present time. Besides typical leadership characteristics for today's family, organization and society, it can be argued that the spirit, sense and ethical deepness that would overcome the fast dissolution of ethical merits today appears as the most important requirement.
Key leadership characteristics exhaustively explored under the light of real stories as provided in our book are as follows:
*Humane Sensitivity *Family Values *Man of Heart and Soul *Humility, Elegance, Courtesy *Morality and Honesty *Family and Raising Children *Justice *Curiosity, Research Knowledge and Technicality *Sedulity *Sharing and Donating *Communication and Persuasion Skill *Charisma *Motivation *High Achievement Instinct *Openness to Change *Individual Development and Learning Habit *Struggle and Ambition *Courage, Chancing Risk and Taking Initiative *General Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence *Ethical Intelligence *Self-Confidence *Time Management and Planning *Jo—Orientation *Advice *Guidance, Pedagogue, Exemplary *Customer-Orientation *Conciliation
It is impossible to classify the above-listed characteristics in terms of importance. On the other hand, there may be some other characteristics not mentioned here. Therefore, the current sequence we have provided above on the basis of the abovementioned concerns may be disputable. From another point of view, such key leadership characteristics may be thought to be describing essentially an ideal person. We believe, individuals assuming the leadership role at any rank should be ideal persons or they should already be on their way to idealism.
At the end of part 7, we have presented a scale that would give a general idea on the level of development of leadership characteristics in the person. Thanks to this measuring tool in quintet Likert form, our readers may acquire an idea on at what level they possess key fundamental characteristics. This scale can also be employed to assess a leader in a particular environment.

8. Turkey’s Vision from Local Values to Global Leadership
To be honest, it may be discussed whether or not to include this final part in such a study on leadership. However, triggered by the academic responsibility we feel and also the gratitude to our country and society that made great contributions to our progress and career, we found it appropriate to discuss the topic from the angle of our country. This way, we have also strived to expand the leadership and particularly the servant leadership concept into our society as well. We had the opportunity to go through myriad of domestic and foreign sources and made discussions with our colleagues for the purpose of presenting this part of the study that does not fall directly into our field of expertise. And we have strived to write down all the outcomes of these explorations within the boundaries of our book’s goal and content.
In this part, based upon the seemingly cross-contentious image of the people in the country, we have strived to develop an answer to the question of “Why Do We Quarrel?”. Next, we have explored the path extending from local values to global leadership. We have exhaustively discussed our country’s servant leadership vision and priorities in the process of social development. We emphasized here the need to more intensively internalize democracy. The need to cross-complementation of the state and nation, and the process extending from the servant leader to the servant state were included here as the final headings of the study.
We would like to point out first that based upon the thought we strive to express about leadership within the scope of this study, current information, data and ideas in hand, it can be argued that the people of our country should, using our unique in-depth state and leadership experience of thousands of years as a driving force, safeguard their local values and head towards global leadership. Therefore, transforming two basic values into purpose within our country’s leadership vision and showing the utmost effort along this ideal appear as an obligation rather than a need. The first of these values is the active effort pushing the people of our country towards safeguarding their unique local values across their traditions, cultures, beliefs, ethical values and gains originating from the republic, with any kind of exaggeration eliminated. And the second one is the active effort aimed at becoming the playmakers and effective actors of the global world without ignoring these key values that characterize us. It is a fact that our society has made a good progress in this route; however, barriers to this route cannot be neglected.
Essentially the systematic efforts of the actors that paved the way for the dissolution of the Ottoman State, for preventing the Turkish Republic State set up upon an unprecedented battle under the leadership of Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from making progress, gaining strength and playing decisive role as a global power again have never come to an end. It is so interesting to see, when our national boundaries established by virtue of the National Pact are considered, that there has been seemingly a special effort throughout the history to consistently create troubles on all corners of the country. The persistence of uneasiness in all corners of our borders including the Western Thrace, Aegean Sea, Cyprus, Southern-East boundary arc, Armenia border and ultimately the borders opening into the Caucasus is quite interesting. On the other hand, our country is noteworthy for its geopolitical situation. As a matter of fact, our country stands as a western country located on the crossing point of geographies heading left and at the same time a Middle Eastern country functioning as a gate opening into Middle East. It is on the route of Middle Asian ad Caucasian communities and stands as the mother country of Turkic Republics.
Making a rapid progress and scoring a major development over the last 10-15 years along with its young population, its standing as a energy path and its people equipped with entrepreneurial spirit doing business in almost all countries around the globe, our country has started to develop favorable relationships with its neighbors, take initiatives in its region and the world, make a name for itself and function as a decisive actor. The most conspicuous indicator of this progress is the fact that our country took 151 positive votes out of 191 countries and was elected to the UN Security Council for the period 2009-2010. Today, with its income per capita exceeding ten thousand dollars, enjoying the 17th greatest economy of the world yet its commitment to acquiring a rank in top ten by 2023, its population over 70 million people and its mighty army having a deterrent quality, our country is a rising star. However, the presence of consistent special efforts to trip us should not be neglected. As a result of such efforts, the people of our country have consistently been confronting for years mistrust, isolation, fear, weakened similarities, elevated prejudices, dull thoughts and similar whirlpools due to various artificial discriminations and incongruities staged and maintained. Artificial discriminations such as Ittihadists and non-ittihadists, republicans and non-republicans, conservatives, leftists, seculars, anti-seculars, Turks, Kurds, Sunnis, Alevis as accompanied with severe partisanships, fanaticism and terrorism have irritated our people.
It should be kept in mind that, common and intensive effort of all our citizens, regardless of the status, occupation and training they have, is necessary for stopping and immediately overcoming such irritation. We would like to emphasize first that national existence, unity and integrity of our country and society demands an indispensable ownership beyond all kind of local identities, values, beliefs and cultures. The common will that set up our country, including the Turks, Kurds, the Laz communities, Circassians, Bosniaks, Georgians and other communities, is based on the foundation that all of our people in this country, regardless of their belief, culture and tradition, are equal across the ties under Turkish citizenship. Perceiving all of our values as integral colors and diversification forming the whole; refraining from any kind of discrimination; internalizing our democratic understanding more together with the virtue and merits of the republic; complementing each other more; producing not authority-based but rational solutions; keeping loyal to our path destined to contemporary civilization; and most importantly acquiring a consistent stability are ranked among the vital targets of our leadership vision. The purpose is to review our self confidence on person and community scale, our social identity and awareness in social tolerance challenged by the global world, and if necessary to launch a social awareness action. We should bring our national values with rational, humane and global merits, and get involved in the actors of the global world without quitting the sense of “we” and without isolation from each other. This should be the most privileged target of every citizen keeping loyal to his country across an eternal passion of service, but particularly all managers and leaders whether in public or private sector at any rank or position.
One of the most underlined emphasizes of this part is maybe the need to translate servant leadership into action throughout the chain extending from the citizen to the state. In this respect, servant leaders mentioned throughout our book as furnished with ideal leadership expectations establish the servant family, the servant organization and the servant state. Like people, also the organizations should commit themselves to the demands and desires of the target audience rather than their own instincts.
It should be kept in mind that harmony of the own structural targets of the state, as a social institution and organization, with the expectations of people constituting the reason of existence of this organization is decisive in social mental health. In this respect, states, as centralized organizations, today seem to be heading towards a complementary role of guiding, protecting, developing and embracing every citizen individually across a dynamic structure without imposing stereotyped, coercive, restrictive procedures in people’s lives. Therefore, it is of vital importance that the state and nation should act, as a resultant force, in the same direction and complement each other; and that the state as a centralized organization as well as governments and all political leaders administering the state should never neglect the fact that their reason of existence is to serve people.
Finally, it is of utmost importance for our people of any rank and status to dedicate their energy to more democracy, safeguarding the values of the republic, humane development, tolerance, liberty of faith, respect, manufacturing, efficiency, sustainable competition, knowledge, developing new ideas and concepts, justice, branding and ultimately fostering their passion of service and contribution to this fabulous country that hosts all of us.